Efficient innate immunity requires the onset of multifaceted responses, among which inflammation is one of the first. The innate immune system is older, in evolutionary terms, and is also found in non-vertebrate animals. Vertebrate animals ward off infection using a combination of innate and adaptive immune responses. To this end, we compare pro-inflammatory infectious processes in animals with necrotrophic strategies in plants, and suggest that both cumulate in an effector-triggered immunity (ETI)-derived ramification called ‘effector-triggered immune pathology’ (ETIP). Furthermore, we provide evidence that a more ramified Zig-Zag model can be applied to host–microbe interactions in animal systems. We provide examples for the adaptability of the Zig-Zag model to interactions with necrotrophs, after the introduction of a new evolutionary branch. With this Opinion piece, we aim to persuade readers that the Zig-Zag model might be a versatile tool for explaining most host–pathogen interactions, when it does not consider suppressed immune responses as the only cause for disease susceptibility. The Zig-Zag model thus fits well with biotrophic interactions, but is less applicable to interactions involving pathogens with a necrotrophic lifestyle. According to the Zig-Zag model, disease susceptibility is a consequence of the suppression of host immunity during the evolutionary arms race between plants and pathogens.
#Zigzag plant information skin
Like all Euphorbia HANDLE WITH CARE, the latex/sap is dangerous and can cause skin rash, itching and general discomfort.For almost 10 years, the Zig-Zag model has provided a convenient framework for explaining the molecular bases of compatibility and incompatibility in plant–microbe interactions (Jones and Dangl, 2006). On Aug 28, 2003, Happenstance from Northern California, CA wrote: Sometimes confused with Euphorbia grandicornis, which is like a giant version of this only without the variegation (zig-zags). However, I still use gloves to handle it because of the thorns. I have not had any problem handling this species as it is pretty tough and doesn't release its sap unless you cut it or break it on purpose, or snag one of the thorns and yank.
#Zigzag plant information full
However, plant does great in full sun, even in Phoenix, Arizona and still retains some of its variegation. This is a very commonly sold species in cactus and succulent nurseries as it has some interesting variegation of the columns accentuated by giving it some shade. On Apr 22, 2004, palmbob from Acton, CA (Zone 8b) wrote: On Jul 2, 2004, Xenomorf from Phoenix, AZ (Zone 9b) wrote: probably more common than either parent plant. It is a very commonly sold succulent at garden outlet centers throughout southern California. Makes a great landscape plant in southern California taking up less room than E grandicornis, and less problems falling over onto itself than E pseudocactus (which sometimes grows more like a vine than a self-supporting plant). Also has the striping/variegation of E pseudocactus. It is an accurate mix of the two species E pseudocactus and E grandicornis- smaller than E grandicornis, but with a lot of the angularity and similar spines to E grandicornis. This is actually a hybrid between E pseudocactus and another hybrid of pseudocactus and grandicornis. On Dec 31, 2006, palmbob from Acton, CA (Zone 8b) wrote: What did I do or not do to cause my clippings not to start? These plants are the favorite of my cactus collection and would like many more. When I purchased them they were in the same pot growing stait up like most pictures I've seen, I split them into 2 seperate pots and they went crazy with horizontal branches, so I cut 2 off and tryd 2 start them but they turnd brown and died with no roots starting at all. I live in southern illinois and have 2 of these plants. This plant is said to grow outdoors in the following regions:
Plant has spines or sharp edges use extreme caution when handling Bloom Color:ħ.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) Patent Information:Īllow cut surface to callous over before planting Seed Collecting: Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 ☌ (40 ☏) Where to Grow:Īll parts of plant are poisonous if ingested Cactus and Succulents Water Requirements:ĭrought-tolerant suitable for xeriscapingĪverage Water Needs Water regularly do not overwater Sun Exposure:
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